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ORIGIN AND TERMINOLOGY
From chemical point of view halons are organic carbon compounds in which hydrogen atoms were replaced totally or partially by atom halogens. Halons are composed of fluorine called freon. Halons terminology is compatible with Geneva terms nevertheless it is quite complicated. In order to simplify halons terminology the corresponding labeling system was implemented and examples given below: Halon C (A) F (B) Cl (C) Br (D) I (E) where: A – number of carbon atoms B - number of fluorine atoms C – number of chlorine atoms D – number of bromine atoms E – number of iodine atoms Below is halon example: CF2 CIBr (bromochlorodifluoromethane) (A)=1 (B)=2 (C)=1 (D)=1 Hereby we get halon 1211. CHEMICAL FEATURES
Pure halon in the nominal temperature is chemically neutral that is why it does not show corrosive features or they are minor. Halons activity increases under the humidity influence. PHYSICAL FEATURES Halons are colourless substances of chloroform’s smell. In normal conditions occur as gases or liquids. In an aeriform halons can be described, as quite heavy, it’s crucial when it comes to fire extinction. In view of its low temperature of coagulation halons can be used in the temperatures below zero. Also does not conduct current and does not lose its features in case of long time storage. FIRE - EXTINGUISHER FEATURES
Halons fire-extinguishers features depend on its continence and structure in particular halogens assortment. Upon appropriate measurements the following was proved. Each particular halogens atom is connected with carbon atom by relatively weak bindings. At the same time was proved that numerical binding’s value vary and range from 0.16MJ /mol for banging’s between the carbon atom and the iodine atom, to 0.43 MJ/mol for banging’s between the carbon atom and fluorine atoms. That makes the iodine atoms and bromine coming off easier from fluorine and chlorine atoms. Accordingly, the iodine and bromine halons are the most effective in fire extinguishing whereas fluorine and chlorine halons are less effective. Dependence upon the energy bindings and efficiency of fire extinguishing is not unambiguous as halons fire-extinguishing mechanism is composed of many elements:
- halons fumes are heavier then air (implemented on fire isolates the air admission) - catalytic acts in reference to combustion process - inhibition acting
HALON & THE COMBUSTION PROCESS
Combustion is a chemical process concerning the reactions occurred in the gas phase with the essential participation of the oxygen coming from the air as an oxidizing factor. Gas and liquid’s steams combustion does not proceed as a result of direct fuel’s molecule and oxidant collision but indirectly. In case of hydrogen’s combustion in the oxygen, the combustion is not a result of a direct hydrogen and oxygen reaction but it is a result of many indirect reactions accompanied by hydrogen’s free radicals, oxygen and hydroxide. Radicals perform special part in the process – energetically unbalanced molecules with high chemical activity. General speed of combustion reaction can be high only when the concentration of free radicals is properly high. There from, the reduction of combustion speed can be achieved by the reduction of the free radicals or oxygen concentration. Although, the fast concentration of oxygen reduction is strongly limited, the free radicals limitation can be achieved by the use of combustion inhibitors. Such properties own i.e. halons. After bringing the halon 1301 (CF3Br) to the flame the fast reaction with free radicals follows as below: CF3Br + H - CF3Br + HBr H + Br - H2 + Br Br + H + M - HBr + M As stated above, in the schematic process the Holon’s molecular react on the free radical creating a hydrogen bromide which reacts on the next free radical creating not active molecular and bromine’s atom. Then, the bromine’s atom again reacts on the free radical creating a hydrogen bromide molecular and in this way the reaction chain is initiated and it leads to the no end reformation of radicals. As a result arisen the hydrogen bromide and becomes recombination of free radicals.
TOXICITY
Talking about halons influence on people, the real conditions that should be taken into consideration, include: - natural products of combustion generated during the fire, - toxicity of not decomposed agent, - products created as a result of thermal decomposition. Toxicity of not decomposed (Halons) centre was defined by the Laboratories USA through the approximate danger concentration definition "LCT (O) 15 min." for most frequent applied halons. Based on this, halons were divided into toxicity groups (halons are in groups between 1-6), where the more higher group, the more harmful effect of the given concentration in a certain time is lower. For extinguish purposes the less toxic halons are used, they are in groups between 4-6 (accordingly to the UL USA). For instance, halon 1301 with concentration of 2-% does not cause any effects even after 2 hours (group 6). The most toxic halon is carbon’s tetrachloride which product resulting from the decomposition is compound particularly dangerous for humans COCl2phosgene). Based on experimental research the established safe value of volumetric concentration of halon 1301 is 10% and halon 1211 4 – 5%. (
TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
Technical and usable requirements for halons were specified by adequate regional norms: - series ISO 7201 (7201-1 and 7201-2) (European Union) - ASTM D5632-01 (Type I) (1301) (USA) - ASTM D5632-01 (Type II) (1301) (USA) - MilSpec-B-38741 (halon 1211) (USA) Technical requirements specify, in particular the physical and chemical features of each substance (molecular weight, boiling point, freezing point, critical pressure, specific weight, cleanness, toxicity, fire extinguishing concentration etc.). Except that, each norm describes proper way of handling each substance. | |
 ECOLOGY In the Earth’s atmosphere there is one very significant layer, width over 1000 km and 10 to 50 km above the Earth’s surface, called ozone layer. This layer consists of ozone molecules (oxygen 03 tri-atom) and has very particular meaning as it holds the wrongdoing for any life form the ultraviolet radiation (UV). Maximum ozone concentration is on the level of 23 km. From the end of 70s the notable ozone levels have dropped to their ozone contents, in particular over the Antarctic in the South Pole region. The ozone "hole" is really a reduction in concentrations of ozone in the ozone layer. Closer studies on this occurrence showed that violent reduction of ozone layer started in the 80s and that the main reason of its intensification are reactions caused by the presence of substances that include chlorine and bromine in the Earth’s atmosphere. These elements are included in the substances manufactured by human and in particular are included in: - chlorofluorocarbons – CFCs - hydrobromofluorocarbons – HBFCs - hydrochlorofluorocarbons – HCFCs General mechanism of ozone depleting: Decomposition (photolysis) of a compound under the influence of ultraviolet radiation. Reaction of realised chlorine atoms (bromine) with ozone (creation of active chlorine oxide molecular (CIO) (bromine (BrO)) and oxygen (O2). Reaction of two chlorine (bromine) atoms moleculars thereupon the chlorine (bromine) dioxide originates and the next chlorine (bromine) atom absolves. Free chlorine’s (bromine) atom reacts with the next ozone’s molecular. Additionally, the chlorine (bromine) dioxide can disintegrate again into atom and diatomic oxygen molecular. Accordingly to the above description in case of halon the reaction looks as follows: CF3Br -> CF3 + Br Br + O3 -> BrO + O2 BrO + O3 -> Br2O2 The above reactions proceed until the complete depletion of ozone moleculars or until the chlorine (bromine) removal as a result of other chemical reactions. Hence, the risk of damaging the ozone stratospherically by the fire extinguishing halons containing chlorine or bromine increases as an outcome of their too long lifetime in the atmosphere. That kind of risk is omitted when other chemical inhibitors of combustion process are used i.e. powders. Thickness of the ozone layer is defined in Dobson’s units (DU – Dobson Unit). The average ozone layer thickness is approximate 300 DU (about 3 mm). Currently the thickness of the ozone layer is constantly monitored. Among others, also because of this in 2002 the Envisat satellite was placed on the Earth’s orbit. Thanks to this satellite the atmosphere and Earth’s surface analyse results are always up-to-date and accessible for everyone, for instance at www.temis.nl (Tropospheric Emission Monitoring Internet Service). If in a given region ozone layer’s thickness falls down below the 200 DU than this value is called the ozone hole. In order to do the quantitative estimation about each substance having an influence on the ozone layer the ozone depleting potential index was implemented with reference to the R11 factor recognise as the unit value (ODP=1). Each and every value of the given index for chosen controlled substances are reported in the Montréal’s Protocol, in the annex E norms PN - EN 378-1as well as in the Monitor Polski of 2004 no. 4 item 65 (information from the Montréal’s Protocol). Exemplary listing (annex A of the Montréal’s Protocol):
Substances implemented to the atmosphere have an influence on the ozone layer but also have an influence on the greenhouse effect. The limited radiation effect by the gases and steams contained in the atmosphere are described as the greenhouse effect. There from, the scientists calculated that without atmosphere the Earth’s temperature would uphold on the level of -18 oC, whereas currently on Earth the average temperature is on the level of + 15 oC. Thus, from our point of view the greenhouse effect is natural and beneficial occurrence as without this life could not evoke and develop. Nowadays we can observe the average temperature rise on Earth that’s because of the greenhouse effect. The so-called greenhouse gases` rise in the atmosphere can cause this effect. These gases are responsible for the radiation energy from the Earth limitation. Foreseen ability of these occurrence consequences is very difficult but at mostly these are the negative prognoses. Climatic anomalies, reduction of land and areas to live, hungry soil, water shortage in the areas so far well hydrated as well as the species extinction is expected. To the greenhouse gases we can include: water steam, carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, methane, ozone and freons. Estimated gases share in the greenhouse effect forms as follows - carbon dioxide around 50% - methane 18 – 19% - freons 14 – 17% - ozone 8 – 12% - nitric oxide 4 – 6% It is commonly known that the human industrial activity is the main cause of the greenhouse gases growth in the Earth’s atmosphere. The scale of problem was estimated during the international conference in Kyoto in 1997, where the protocol on the reduction of greenhouse gases emission arisen. The main purpose of the protocol is the 5% reduction of greenhouse gases emission to the atmosphere in the period of time until 2012 towards, to 1990. Until now 141 countries including 30 highly industrialised ratified the document. Until the February 16, 2005 the protocol and its all records become international law. In January 1, 2005 the act of December 22, 2004 on trading of the authorisations for the greenhouse gases emission and other substances to the air (O. J. of 2004 No. 281, item 2784), took effect in Poland. In the light of this act to greenhouse gases we include: carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and hydrocarbons fluoro derivative (HFCs), per fluoro derivative carbon’s compounds (PFCs), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). To do the quantitative estimation of the each substance influence on the greenhouse effect the global warming potential index was implemented – GWP, in relevance to carbon dioxide (GWP=1) in the accepted time horizon (usually 100 years). Below are GWP values for chosen substances (according to IPCC*):
*) IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change **) GWP value is reliant on time; usually index is given for 100 years | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
There are no translations available. PUG TA-25 to urządzenie przeznaczone do automatycznego gaszenia pożarów klasy A, B i C zupełnie niezależne od zewnętrznych źródeł zasilania. Istotą działania PUG TA-25 jest Termoczuła Rurka Detekcyjna wykonana ze specjalnego polimeru. Połączona jest ona ze zbiornikiem wypełnionym środkiem gaśniczym dobieranym w zależności od danego projektu przez naszych inżynierów. Wewnątrz zabezpieczanego urządzenia zostaje wykonany oplot rurką TRD, która pod wpływem podwyższonej temperatury pęka w najbardziej nagrzanym miejscu tworząc otwór w formie dyszy uwalniający środek gaśniczy. Stąd PUG TA-25 zapewnia natychmiastową reakcję na zarzewie ognia. | |
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